{"id":1568,"date":"2023-07-14T22:10:43","date_gmt":"2023-07-14T22:10:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.laspa.slg.br\/?page_id=1568"},"modified":"2023-07-18T19:49:55","modified_gmt":"2023-07-18T19:49:55","slug":"hidrogenio-em-delanda-2011","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.laspa.slg.br\/en\/projetos\/a-agencia-social-dos-elementos-quimicos\/levantamentos-da-presenca-de-elementos-quimicos-em-livros\/hidrogenio-em-delanda-2011\/","title":{"rendered":"Hidrog\u00eanio em Delanda (2011)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>So far we have examined questions of emergence in the relatively simple case of a body of water in which gradients of properties like temperature, density, or speed cause the spontaneous organization of the molecules into collective patterns of flow. We can continue to use a body of water as our basic environment but in order to add a new layer of complexity we must make its composition less homogenous. This means that new gradients must be introduced: <em>gradients of concentration<\/em> of substances other than water. These new gradients are also characterized by a tendency to dissipate but unlike the old ones countering that tendency involves the injection of a flow of matter not just a flow of energy. The effect of that injection will, in tum, depend on the specific chemical substances being injected. Some substances, for instance, have a tendency to donate or export some of their protons, basically <strong>hydrogen<\/strong> atoms deprived of their electrons. These substances are called &#8220;acids.&#8221; Other substances have the tendency to act as acceptors or importers of protons and are called &#8220;bases.&#8221; When concentrations of substances with these opposite tendencies come into contact, forming an acid-base or Ph gradient, a spontaneous flow of protons from one chemical species to another is generated as the means used by the gradient to cancel itself. Another example of a chemical gradient is an oxidation-reduction or redox gradient created when a substance that has a tendency to oxidize, that is, to donate electrons, comes into contact with one that has a tendency to reduce or accept electrons. A redox gradient can drive an electron flow across chemical species when it occurs, for example, in an aqueous environment in the presence of concentrations of metallic substances. (Delanda 2011:35)<\/p>\n<p>DELANDA, Manuel. 2011. <em>Philosophy and Simulation: The emergence of Synthetic Reason<\/em>. Londres: Bloomsbury Academic.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>So far we have examined questions of emergence in the relatively simple case of a body of water in which gradients of properties like temperature, density, or speed cause the spontaneous organization of the molecules into collective patterns of flow. We can continue to use a body of water as our basic environment but in order to add a new [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":1212,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1568","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laspa.slg.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1568","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laspa.slg.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laspa.slg.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laspa.slg.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laspa.slg.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1568"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.laspa.slg.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1568\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1586,"href":"https:\/\/www.laspa.slg.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1568\/revisions\/1586"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laspa.slg.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1212"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laspa.slg.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1568"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}